MonoCloud Wiki - Recent changes [en]

MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 08:37:23 GMT

Add local writing review with passage evidence and optional draft checks

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:37, 3 November 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	* ArticleReview[ResourceLoader\|default\|hidden\|namespaces=0\|actions=view\|dependencies=mediawiki.util]\|ArticleReviewData.js\|ArticleReview.js\|ArticleReview.css		* ArticleReview[ResourceLoader\|default\|hidden\|namespaces=0,118\|actions=view,edit,submit\|dependencies=mediawiki.util]\|ArticleReviewData.js\|ArticleReview.js\|ArticleReview.css

MediaWiki:Gadget-ArticleReview

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 08:37:23 GMT

Add local writing review with passage evidence and optional draft checks

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:37, 3 November 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Dismissible article ~~review cards~~ with ~~documented findings and source links~~.		Dismissible article reviews and local writing checks with passage evidence; optional checks of unsaved drafts.

MediaWiki:Gadget-ArticleReview.js

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 08:37:23 GMT

Add local writing review with passage evidence and optional draft checks

Show changes

MediaWiki:Gadget-ArticleReview.css

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 08:37:23 GMT

Add local writing review with passage evidence and optional draft checks

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 .sb-article-review[hidden],
 .sb-article-review [hidden],
-.ve-active .sb-article-review,
+.ve-active .sb-article-review:not(.sb-article-review--editor),
-.ve-activated .sb-article-review,
+.ve-activated .sb-article-review:not(.sb-article-review--editor),
-.ve-activating .sb-article-review,
+.ve-activating .sb-article-review:not(.sb-article-review--editor),
-.ve-deactivating .sb-article-review {
+.ve-deactivating .sb-article-review:not(.sb-article-review--editor) {
 	display: none !important;
+}
@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 .sb-article-review__scope[open] summary {
 	margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
@@ Line 224: / Line 285: @@
 @media print {
-	.sb-article-review {
+	.sb-article-review,
 		display: none !important;
+	}
+}

MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 07:46:35 GMT

Enable ResourceLoader for article review gadget

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:46, 3 November 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	* ArticleReview[default\|hidden\|namespaces=0\|actions=view\|dependencies=mediawiki.util]\|ArticleReviewData.js\|ArticleReview.js\|ArticleReview.css		* ArticleReview[ResourceLoader\|default\|hidden\|namespaces=0\|actions=view\|dependencies=mediawiki.util]\|ArticleReviewData.js\|ArticleReview.js\|ArticleReview.css

MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 07:45:41 GMT

Add dismissible article review interface

New page

MediaWiki:Gadget-ArticleReview

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 07:45:40 GMT

Add dismissible article review interface

New page

Dismissible article review cards with documented findings and source links.

MediaWiki:Gadget-ArticleReview.css

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 07:45:40 GMT

Add dismissible article review interface

New page

.sb-article-review {
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right: max(16px, env(safe-area-inset-right));
bottom: 16px;
bottom: calc(16px + env(safe-area-inset-bottom));
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: flex-end;
gap: 8px;
width: 23rem;
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.sb-article-review *,
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.sb-article-review[hidden],
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.sb-article-review__header {
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.sb-article-review__close:hover,
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.sb-article-review button:focus-visible,
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.sb-article-review__date,
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.sb-article-review__date {
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.sb-article-review__stale {
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background: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fef6e7);
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.sb-article-review .sb-article-review__issues {
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}

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.sb-article-review__issue:last-child {
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.sb-article-review .sb-article-review__detail {
margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.sb-article-review__links {
display: flex;
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gap: 4px 12px;
font-size: 12px;
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.sb-article-review__scope {
padding-top: 10px;
border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #eaecf0);
color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);
font-size: 12px;
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.sb-article-review__scope summary {
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.sb-article-review__scope[open] summary {
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@media (max-width: 400px) {
.sb-article-review {
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.sb-article-review__close,
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min-height: 44px;
}

.sb-article-review__close {
width: 44px;
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}

@media print {
.sb-article-review {
display: none !important;
}
}

MediaWiki:Gadget-ArticleReview.js

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 07:45:40 GMT

Add dismissible article review interface

New page

( function () {
'use strict';

var rootId = 'shalombux-article-review';

function element( name, className, text ) {
var node = document.createElement( name );
if ( className ) {
node.className = className;
}
if ( text !== undefined ) {
node.textContent = String( text );
}
return node;
}

function safeLink( label, address, newWindow ) {
var url;
try {
url = new URL( address, window.location.href );
} catch ( error ) {
return null;
}
if ( url.protocol !== 'https:' && url.protocol !== 'http:' ) {
return null;
}
var link = element( 'a', '', label );
link.href = url.href;
if ( newWindow ) {
link.target = '_blank';
link.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
}
return link;
}

function initialize() {
var data = window.shalombuxArticleReviewData;
var query = new URLSearchParams( window.location.search );
var pageId = Number( mw.config.get( 'wgArticleId' ) );
var viewedRevision = Number( mw.config.get( 'wgRevisionId' ) );
if ( document.getElementById( rootId ) || !data || !data.pages ||
mw.config.get( 'wgNamespaceNumber' ) !== 0 || pageId <= 0 || viewedRevision <= 0 ||
mw.config.get( 'wgAction' ) !== 'view' || query.has( 'diff' ) || query.has( 'veaction' ) ||
mw.config.get( 'wgDiffOldId' ) || mw.config.get( 'wgDiffNewId' ) ) {
return;
}
var review = data.pages[ String( pageId ) ];
if ( !review || !Number( review.reviewedRevision ) ) {
return;
}

var reviewedRevision = Number( review.reviewedRevision );
var currentRevision = Number( mw.config.get( 'wgCurRevisionId' ) ) || viewedRevision;
var storageKey = 'shalombux-article-review:' + String( data.version ) + ':' +
pageId + ':' + reviewedRevision;
var dismissed = false;
try {
dismissed = window.localStorage.getItem( storageKey ) === 'dismissed';
} catch ( error ) {
// The card remains usable when browser storage is unavailable.
}

var root = element( 'div', 'sb-article-review' );
root.id = rootId;
var badge = element( 'button', 'sb-article-review__badge', 'Article review' );
badge.type = 'button';
badge.setAttribute( 'aria-controls', rootId + '-panel' );
badge.setAttribute( 'aria-expanded', 'false' );
badge.title = 'Show the article review';

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panel.id = rootId + '-panel';
panel.setAttribute( 'aria-labelledby', rootId + '-heading' );
var header = element( 'div', 'sb-article-review__header' );
var heading = element( 'h2', 'sb-article-review__heading', 'Article review' );
heading.id = rootId + '-heading';
var close = element( 'button', 'sb-article-review__close', '\u00d7' );
close.type = 'button';
close.setAttribute( 'aria-label', 'Close article review' );
close.title = 'Close article review (Escape)';
header.appendChild( heading );
header.appendChild( close );
panel.appendChild( header );

var body = element( 'div', 'sb-article-review__body' );
body.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__date', 'Reviewed ' + String( data.reviewDate ) ) );
if ( viewedRevision !== reviewedRevision || currentRevision !== reviewedRevision ) {
var stale = viewedRevision !== reviewedRevision ?
'This review covers a different revision. The text you are viewing has not been rechecked; the findings below may no longer apply.' :
'You are viewing the reviewed revision. A newer revision exists and has not been rechecked.';
body.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__stale', stale ) );
}
var revisionLink = safeLink( 'View reviewed revision ' + reviewedRevision,
mw.util.getUrl( review.title || mw.config.get( 'wgPageName' ), { oldid: reviewedRevision } ), false );
if ( revisionLink ) {
var revisionParagraph = element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__revision' );
revisionParagraph.appendChild( revisionLink );
body.appendChild( revisionParagraph );
}

var issues = Array.isArray( review.issues ) ? review.issues : [];
if ( issues.length ) {
var list = element( 'ul', 'sb-article-review__issues' );
issues.forEach( function ( issue ) {
if ( !issue || typeof issue !== 'object' ) {
return;
}
var kind = [ 'error', 'review', 'note' ].indexOf( issue.kind ) !== -1 ? issue.kind : 'note';
var labels = { error: 'Verified error', review: 'Review needed', note: 'Note' };
var item = element( 'li', 'sb-article-review__issue sb-article-review__issue--' + kind );
item.appendChild( element( 'span', 'sb-article-review__kind', labels[ kind ] ) );
item.appendChild( element( 'strong', 'sb-article-review__issue-title', issue.title || 'Review note' ) );
item.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__detail', issue.detail || '' ) );
if ( Array.isArray( issue.links ) ) {
var links = element( 'div', 'sb-article-review__links' );
issue.links.forEach( function ( source ) {
if ( !source || typeof source.url !== 'string' ) {
return;
}
var link = safeLink( source.label || 'Source', source.url, true );
if ( link ) {
links.appendChild( link );
}
} );
if ( links.childNodes.length ) {
item.appendChild( links );
}
}
list.appendChild( item );
} );
body.appendChild( list );
} else {
body.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__no-issues',
'No article-specific issue recorded in this limited review.' ) );
}

body.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__ai',
'AI indicators: none found in reviewed text/links; authorship unverified.' ) );
var scope = element( 'details', 'sb-article-review__scope' );
scope.appendChild( element( 'summary', '', 'Review scope' ) );
scope.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__unicode', review.unicodeNote ||
'Unicode scan: no flagged hidden characters found in the reviewed source.' ) );
scope.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__coverage',
review.sourceReview === 'spot-checked' ?
'Selected citations were spot-checked; other sources remain unverified.' :
'Citation destinations were not checked for this article.' ) );
scope.appendChild( element( 'p', 'sb-article-review__coverage',
'Wikipedia policy links are review guidance; no complete policy assessment.' ) );
body.appendChild( scope );
panel.appendChild( body );
root.appendChild( badge );
root.appendChild( panel );

var isOpen = false;
var hoverBlocked = false;
var hoverMayOpenAfter = 0;
var suppressFocus = false;
var suspended = false;

function rememberDismissal( value ) {
try {
if ( value ) {
window.localStorage.setItem( storageKey, 'dismissed' );
} else {
window.localStorage.removeItem( storageKey );
}
} catch ( error ) {
// Dismissal still works for the current page without storage.
}
}

function openPanel( remember ) {
if ( suspended ) {
return;
}
isOpen = true;
panel.hidden = false;
badge.setAttribute( 'aria-expanded', 'true' );
if ( remember ) {
rememberDismissal( false );
}
}

function closePanel( returnFocus ) {
isOpen = false;
panel.hidden = true;
badge.setAttribute( 'aria-expanded', 'false' );
hoverBlocked = true;
hoverMayOpenAfter = Date.now() + 800;
rememberDismissal( true );
if ( returnFocus ) {
suppressFocus = true;
badge.focus( { preventScroll: true } );
suppressFocus = false;
}
}

close.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
closePanel( true );
} );
badge.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
openPanel( true );
} );
badge.addEventListener( 'focus', function () {
if ( !suppressFocus ) {
openPanel( false );
}
} );
badge.addEventListener( 'mouseenter', function () {
if ( !hoverBlocked && Date.now() >= hoverMayOpenAfter &&
window.matchMedia( '(hover: hover)' ).matches ) {
openPanel( false );
}
} );
root.addEventListener( 'mouseleave', function () {
hoverBlocked = false;
} );
document.addEventListener( 'keydown', function ( event ) {
if ( event.key === 'Escape' && isOpen && !suspended ) {
var focusInside = root.contains( document.activeElement );
closePanel( focusInside );
if ( focusInside ) {
event.preventDefault();
}
}
} );

function updateEditorVisibility() {
var editorClasses = [ 've-active', 've-activated', 've-activating', 've-deactivating' ];
suspended = editorClasses.some( function ( name ) {
return document.documentElement.classList.contains( name ) || document.body.classList.contains( name );
} );
root.hidden = suspended;
}
mw.hook( 've.activationStart' ).add( function () {
suspended = true;
root.hidden = true;
} );
mw.hook( 've.deactivationComplete' ).add( updateEditorVisibility );
if ( window.MutationObserver ) {
var observer = new MutationObserver( updateEditorVisibility );
observer.observe( document.documentElement, { attributes: true, attributeFilter: [ 'class' ] } );
observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, attributeFilter: [ 'class' ] } );
}

// Keep review UI outside article content and VisualEditor serialization.
document.body.appendChild( root );
panel.hidden = dismissed;
if ( !dismissed ) {
openPanel( false );
}
updateEditorVisibility();
}

mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util' ).then( function () {
if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', initialize, { once: true } );
} else {
initialize();
}
} );
}() );

MediaWiki:Gadget-ArticleReviewData.js

Administrat0r — Tue, 03 Nov 2026 07:45:39 GMT

Add dismissible article review interface

New page

West-Osteuropäische Warenaustausch Aktiengesellschaft

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:20:40 GMT

Created page with "{{Short description|German-Soviet trading company}} '''West-Osteuropäische Warenaustausch Aktiengesellschaft''' ('''Wostwag''') was a German-Soviet trading company based in Berlin. Established in the early 1920s, it conducted commercial trade between Germany and the Soviet Union and later developed operations in Asia. The company was also used as a cover organisation by Soviet military intelligence and became an important commercial channel for Soviet ar..."

New page

{{Short description|German-Soviet trading company}}
'''West-Osteuropäische Warenaustausch Aktiengesellschaft''' ('''Wostwag''') was a German-Soviet trading company based in [[Berlin]]. Established in the early 1920s, it conducted commercial trade between [[Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] and later developed operations in [[Asia]]. The company was also used as a cover organisation by Soviet military intelligence and became an important commercial channel for Soviet arms exports to Asia after 1927.<ref name="Stone">{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=David R. |year=2013 |title=Soviet Arms Exports in the 1920s |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=57–77 |doi=10.1177/0022009412461820}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{cite report |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP65-00756R000400080001-9.pdf |title=Soviet Intelligence |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=14 September 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Establishment and commercial activities ===
British intelligence records date Wostwag's establishment in Berlin to November 1922, while historian David R. Stone dates the beginning of its commercial operations to 1923.<ref name="Wostwag">{{cite web |title=Purpiss and Wostwag – PRO Visit Oct 2005 – Later Wostwag releases |url=https://www.garethjones.org/wostwag/Wostwag_NKVD_p1.htm |access-date=14 September 2026 |publisher=Gareth Jones archive}}</ref><ref name="Stone" />

Wostwag was a German-Soviet trading company operating with Soviet permission. It functioned as a clearing house for imports and exports, with its headquarters in [[Berlin]] and a branch in [[Hamburg]]. The company had representatives in the [[Soviet Union]]. Its exports included Soviet agricultural products and raw materials such as eggs, meat, feathers and down, oil cake, furs, and metals and ores, while its imports included chemicals, metal powders, and medicines.<ref name="Stone" /><ref name="Hamburg">{{cite web |title=Wostwag West-Osteuropäische Warenaustausch-Aktiengesellschaft, Filiale Hamburg |url=https://pdf.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN689065124_19300207.pdf |access-date=14 September 2026 |publisher=Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg |format=PDF|language=de}}</ref>

The company's commercial structure was closely connected to Soviet state interests. A representative of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade worked within Wostwag, while half of its profits were assigned to Soviet interests. Stone describes this arrangement as allowing the Soviet government to participate in foreign trade while retaining the formal structure of a commercial company.<ref name="Stone" />

=== Soviet military intelligence ===
Wostwag also served as a commercial cover organisation for Soviet military intelligence. A CIA study says that the company was established by the Fourth Department of the Red Army General Staff (known as '[[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]]') and that its intelligence activities continued alongside genuine commercial trading. The same study point to two brothers, junior officers of the Fourth Department, as being in charge of the intelligence side of the organisation. Soviet personnel were withdrawn around 1925–26 after German police awareness of the organisation became a concern, while the commercial organisation continued to operate.<ref name="CIA" />

British intelligence records associate Wostwag with Aaron and Abraham Ehrenlieb, who were known in Germany as Sigmund and Antek Jankowski.<ref name="Wostwag" />

The company is also discussed by Matthias Uhl in his book about the history of Soviet military intelligence, ''GRU: Die unbekannte Geschichte des sowjetisch-russischen Militärgeheimdienstes von 1918 bis heute''. Uhl discusses Wostwag in the section ''Die 1920er-Jahre: Wostwag, KPD und andere als Beschaffer'', which deals with organisations used by Soviet military intelligence for procurement during the 1920s.<ref name="Uhl">{{cite book |last=Uhl |first=Matthias |title=GRU: Die unbekannte Geschichte des sowjetisch-russischen Militärgeheimdienstes von 1918 bis heute |publisher=Verlag Herder |year=2024 |isbn=978-3-534-61012-9 |pages=365–368 |chapter=Die 1920er-Jahre: Wostwag, KPD und andere als Beschaffer}}</ref>

=== Arms exports ===
In April 1927, the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] decided that Soviet arms exports would be conducted through Wostwag. The company was authorised to conduct trade in Asia and to extend trade credits, while transactions were to be carried out in Wostwag's name rather than in the name of the Soviet government. Wostwag could sell weapons below cost for political purposes. Stone states that approximately three-quarters of the resulting losses were absorbed by Wostwag's own operations, with the remainder covered by a special export fund. [[China]] was the most important Asian market for Soviet arms. In 1928, responsibility for arms sales to eastern countries was transferred further from the Red Army towards Soviet economic institutions, while Wostwag continued to be used for arms sales.<ref name="Stone" />

=== Activities in Asia ===
During the 1920s and 1930s, Wostwag was connected to a network of commercial operations in [[Mongolia]] and [[China]], and to branches or associated companies in [[Urga]], [[Kalgan]], [[Tientsin]] and other places in the Far East. British records describe the movement of goods through associated companies and purchases of aircraft and other equipment during the late 1930s as part of an effort to combine normal commodity trading with procurement activities for Soviet interests.<ref name="Wostwag" /> As Wostwag was also involved in the purchase of commercial vehicles from [[Daimler-Benz]] during the interwar period, a discussion of the company's activities is found in Marc Cyrkel-Maier's study of the Daimler-Benz commercial-vehicle plant in [[Gaggenau]].<ref name="Cyrkel">{{cite book |last=Cyrkel-Maier |first=Marc |title=Bei Daimler-Benz in Gaggenau: das Nutzfahrzeugwerk in den Jahren 1926–1945: eine wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Studie |publisher=Tectum |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-8288-2640-3 |location=Marburg |pages=205–209}}</ref>

Post-war British investigations examined Wostwag together with associated companies and organisations in Europe, North America, and East Asia, with some of these organisations treated as successors or affiliates within the wider network.<ref name="Wostwag" />

=== Gareth Jones and Adam Purpiss ===
In 1935, British journalist [[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]] travelled through northern China and [[Inner Mongolia]]. Margaret Siriol Colley's biography of Jones describes his contacts during the journey, including people connected with Wostwag, such as Adam Purpiss.<ref name="Colley">{{cite book |last=Colley |first=Margaret Siriol |title=Gareth Jones: More Than a Grain of Truth |publisher=Seren |year=2005 |location=Newark |pages=22–23}}</ref> Later British investigations examined Purpiss' role within an international network of trading organisations and its connections with other companies.<ref name="Wostwag" />

=== Later years ===
Wostwag continued to operate during the 1930s, with branches and associated companies operating under different names in Europe, North America, and [[East Asia]]. German-Soviet trading activities ended in the late 1930s. The Berlin company changed its name in December 1938, after which the Wostwag designation was subsequently replaced in international banking communications.<ref name="Wostwag" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Stone, David R. (2013). "Soviet Arms Exports in the 1920s". ''Journal of Contemporary History''. 48 (1): 57–77. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1177/0022009412461820.
* Uhl, Matthias (2024). ''GRU: Die unbekannte Geschichte des sowjetisch-russischen Militärgeheimdienstes von 1918 bis heute''. Verlag Herder. ISBN 978-3-534-61012-9.
* Cyrkel-Maier, Marc (2011). ''Bei Daimler-Benz in Gaggenau: das Nutzfahrzeugwerk in den Jahren 1926–1945: eine wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Studie''. Marburg: Tectum. pp. 205–209. ISBN 978-3-8288-2640-3.
* Colley, Margaret Siriol (2005). ''Gareth Jones: More Than a Grain of Truth''. Newark: Seren. pp. 22–23.

[[Category:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:GRU]]
[[Category:Trading companies of Germany]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1923]]

The Sailors' Fund

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:20:16 GMT

Created page with "'''The Sailors' Fund''' was a charitable fund established in 1970 following the abolition of the daily rum ration in the Royal Navy. It provided recreational, welfare and other charitable benefits for Royal Navy ratings and Royal Marine other ranks and their dependants.<ref name="CC2">{{cite web |title=THE SAILORS' FUND – 261530 |url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/261530/full-print |a..."

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'''The Sailors' Fund''' was a charitable fund established in 1970 following the abolition of the daily [[rum ration]] in the [[Royal Navy]]. It provided recreational, welfare and other charitable benefits for Royal Navy ratings and [[Royal Marines|Royal Marine]] other ranks and their dependants.<ref name="CC2">{{cite web |title=THE SAILORS' FUND – 261530 |url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/261530/full-print |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Charity Commission for England and Wales}}</ref> The fund was also known as the Sailors' "Tot" Fund or "Tot" Fund.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The Rum Ration – The End of the Tot |url=https://www.navyrecords.org.uk/members_blog/the-rum-ration-the-end-of-the-tot/ |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Navy Records Society}}</ref>

== History ==
In January 1970, the government announced that £2.7 million would be paid into the fund. The [[Navy Records Society]] reported that ratings would play a major role in its administration, and in March the government told the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] that arrangements for its administration had been communicated to the Fleet.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 1970 |title=Royal Navy (Rum Ration) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1970/jan/28/royal-navy-rum-ration |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Hansard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 1970 |title=Defence Estimate, 1970–71 (Vote on Account) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1970/mar/17/defence-estimate-1970-71-vote-on-account |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Hansard}}</ref>

The fund began making grants in 1970. A grants committee consisting of six sailors and a [[Royal Marines|Royal Marine]] allocated funds among ships in commission and for improvements to naval amenities. Among its early grants was £24,000 towards improvements to the swimming pool at [[HMS Mercury]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=Winter 1970 |title=The Swimming Pool |url=https://www.rnars.org.uk/documents/Communicator/The%20Communicator%20Vol%2020%20Nr%203%20Winter%201970.pdf |access-date=21 August 2026 |magazine=The Communicator |volume=20 |issue=3}}</ref>

The fund supported naval amenities during the 1980s, including a contribution from the fund and Fleet Amenities Fund towards a multi-gym.<ref>{{cite web |title=VIEWPOINT RN AUTUMN 88 |url=https://film.iwmcollections.org.uk/record/9283 |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Imperial War Museums}}</ref>

By 1991, t the fund's investments were valued at approximately £10.5 million. It spent more than £380,000 on projects that same year and made grants totally about £75,000. Among the grants were £48,000 towards refurbishment of the Trident Club at [[HMS Neptune]], £17,600 towards refurbishment of the Warrant Officers' and Senior Rates' Mess at [[HMS Raleigh]], £12,000 towards a glider and trailer for the Culdrose Gliding Club, and £10,000 towards a multi-sports area at [[HMS Sultan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=August 1991 |title=Gulf Awards |url=https://cd.royalnavy.mod.uk/-/media/rnweb/navynews/archivepdfs/1990s/1991/navy-news-august-1991-issue-445.pdf |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=Navy News}}</ref>

In evidence to the [[House of Commons Defence Committee]] in 1999, the fund was noted as a source of funding for naval welfare services.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 1999 |title=Minutes of Evidence |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmdfence/689/0112206.htm |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=House of Commons Defence Committee}}</ref>

== Charitable purposes ==
The fund's charitable objects included providing recreational and entertainment facilities for the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Marines]]; assisting naval ratings, Royal Marine other ranks and their dependants in need; and providing resettlement, further education and training facilities. Its objects also included supporting churches and religious activities for naval ratings and Royal Marine other ranks.<ref name="CC2" />

The fund later received donations associated with the commercial revival of Royal Navy rum. In 1979, [[Charles S. Tobias]] established Pusser's Rum after obtaining permission from the British Admiralty to reproduce the former Royal Navy rum blend commercially. As part of the arrangement, Tobias agreed to make donations from sales of the rum to the fund.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pietrek |first=Matt |date=24 July 2020 |title=Pusser's Rum Charles Tobias: On the Record (Part One) |url=https://cocktailwonk.com/2020/07/charles-tobias-part-one.html |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Cocktail Wonk}}</ref>

In 2009, the fund received a substantial donation from worldwide [[Pusser's Rum]] sales. It was the fund's largest source of income apart from its original bequest.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 2009 |title=May 2009 |url=https://www.latitude38.com/eBooks/2009/L38200905.pdf |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=Latitude 38}}</ref>

== Registration and dissolution ==
The fund was registered as a charity in [[England]] and [[Wales]] on 7 December 1970 (charity number 261530). Its [[Trust deed (real estate)|trust deed]] from 10 August 1970 was amended in 1990, 1995, 1996 and 2006.<ref name="CC2" />

The charity's assets were transferred to the [[Royal Navy and Royal Marines Charity]] on 10 January 2007. The fund was removed from the [[Charity Commission for England and Wales|Charity Commission]] register on 22 September 2009 following the transfer of its funds.<ref name="CC2" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Charities based in England]]
[[Category:Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rums]]

The Jewish Representative Council of Ireland

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:19:53 GMT

Created page with "{{Short description|Main body representing the Jewish community in Ireland}} '''The Jewish Representative Council of Ireland (JRCI)''' is the main body representing the Jewish community in the Republic of Ireland (about 4,500 members in the late 1940s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Dr. Rory |date=28 July 2008 |title=Ireland's Jews: Past, Present, Future |url=https://jcfa.org/article/ireland%e2%80%99s-jews-past-present-future/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |..."

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{{Short description|Main body representing the Jewish community in Ireland}}

'''The Jewish Representative Council of Ireland (JRCI)''' is the main body representing the Jewish community in the [[Republic of Ireland]] (about 4,500 members in the late 1940s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Dr. Rory |date=28 July 2008 |title=Ireland's Jews: Past, Present, Future |url=https://jcfa.org/article/ireland%e2%80%99s-jews-past-present-future/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> and 2,193 individuals according to the 2022 Census).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Conneely |first=Ailbhe |date=4 March 2026 |title='Deep concern' over number of anti-Semitic incidents in Ireland |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2026/0302/1561101-jrci-report/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=RTÉ}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=McGarry |first=Patsy |title=Ireland's Jewish Council reports 143 anti-Semitic incidents in six-month period |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/03/02/irelands-jewish-council-reports-143-anti-semitic-incidents-in-six-month-period/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> It was established in 1938<ref name=":3">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |publisher=Thomson Gale |location=Detroit |url=https://www.rfservicesltd.co.uk/Jewish/Encyclopaedia%20Judaica/encyclopedia%20judaica/Encyclopaedia%20Judaica%20-%20vol%2010%20%28Inz-Iz%29.pdf |access-date=6 March 2026 |editor-last=Skolnik |editor-first=Fred |edition=2nd |volume=10 (Inz–Iz) |isbn=9780028660974 |oclc=123527471 |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=Berenbaum}}</ref> as an umbrella organisation that brings under one roof Jewish institutions and groups across the country<ref name=":0" /> and also serves as Ireland's affiliate to the [[World Jewish Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Representative Council of Ireland |url=https://www.facebook.com/JRCIreland/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192404/https://www.facebook.com/JRCIreland/ |archive-date=2022-09-05 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=World Jewish |title=Community in Ireland |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/IE |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=World Jewish Congress |language=en}}</ref>

The council speaks up for the Irish Jewish community when dealing with the Irish government,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGarry |first=Patsy |title=Jewish council to write to TDs on how to spot anti-Semitism |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/religion-and-beliefs/jewish-council-to-write-to-tds-on-how-to-spot-anti-semitism-1.4182565 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> the media, other religious groups, and the general public. Its main areas of work include tackling antisemitism, helping people report hate crimes, keeping community life going, supporting Jewish education, and promoting good relations between different faiths.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Bartov |first=Shira Li |date=2026-03-02 |title=Irish Jews report 143 antisemitic incidents in 6 months; state has no mechanism for reporting antisemitism |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irish-jews-report-143-antisemitic-incidents-in-6-months-with-new-reporting-system/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

As of 2026, the council is chaired by Maurice Cohen and is based at Herzog House in [[Dublin]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

In recent years, the JRCI has become much more vocal about what it sees as a rising problem of [[antisemitism in Ireland]]. The organisation has presented many evidences to Irish parliamentary committees, including the Foreign Affairs Committee in 2025, and has made several public statements with regard to governmental policies and public events affecting the Jewish community in Ireland.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=Opening Remarks: Maurice Cohen, Chairman of the Representative Council of the Jewish Community in Ireland to Oireachtas Committee on Foreign Affairs and Trade, 7/15/2025 {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/opening-remarks-maurice-cohen-chairman-of-the-representative-council-of-the-jewish-community-ireland |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.ajc.org |language=en}}</ref>

In mid-2025, the JRCI launched Ireland's first community-run system for reporting antisemitic incidents.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bartov |first=Shira Li |date=2026-03-02 |title=Irish Jews report 143 antisemitic incidents in 6 months; state has no mechanism for reporting antisemitism |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irish-jews-report-143-antisemitic-incidents-in-6-months-with-new-reporting-system/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> In March 2026, the council put out its first report based on these submissions, documenting 143 incidents that took place in the country between July 2025 and January 2026.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> According to the report, the incidents were not “independently investigated or adjudicated”.<ref name=":2" /> The report also mentions the lack of an official government system for recording antisemitic incidents in Ireland and called for the development of a national plan to address the issue.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dylan |date=2026-03-02 |title=Jewish Representative Council of Ireland publishes its first-ever report documenting antisemitic incidents in the country |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/ireland/jewish-representative-council-of-ireland-publishes-its-first-ever-report-documenting-antisemitic-incidents-in-the-country/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=European Jewish Congress |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jews in Ireland]]
* [[History of the Jews in Ireland]]
* [[Ireland–Israel relations]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.jewishireland.org Irish Jewish Community]
* [https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/IE World Jewish Congress - Ireland]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jewish Representative Council of Ireland, The}}
[[Category:Jewish organizations based in Europe]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Ireland]]
[[Category:Irish Jews]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in Ireland]]
[[Category:Jewish organizations established in 1938]]

Shlomo Abas

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:19:26 GMT

Created page with "{{Short description|Israeli children's book editor and author}} {{Infobox writer | name = Shlomo Abas | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|2|8}} | birth_place = Nesher, Israel | occupation = Author, editor | genre = Children's literature, folk tales, fables, riddles, jokes | notable_works = ''Saving the Starfish'' | image = שלמה אבס 2012.jpg | children = Michael Abas, Elisha Abas | website..."

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{{Short description|Israeli children's book editor and author}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shlomo Abas
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|2|8}}
| birth_place = [[Nesher]], Israel
| occupation = Author, editor
| genre = Children's literature, folk tales, fables, riddles, jokes
| notable_works = ''Saving the Starfish''
| image = שלמה אבס 2012.jpg
| children = Michael Abas, [[Elisha Abas]]
| website = www.abas.co.il
| caption = Abas, 2012
}}

'''Shlomo Abas''' (born 8 February 1948) is a popular Israeli children's author, editor and adapter of [[folk tales]]. His work includes original children's stories, as well as collections and adaptations of [[fable]]s, [[legend]]s, [[riddle]]s and [[joke]]s. He has published 170 books.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=10 June 2021 |title=Israeli children's author Shlomo Abas receives lifetime achievement award |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/sages-of-chelm-author-shlomo-abas-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-670644 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Abas studied at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=שלמה אבס, סופר ילדים |url=https://www.abas.co.il/page.asp?id=2 |access-date=2026-08-20 |website=www.abas.co.il}}</ref> He began writing children's stories at the age of 29. His first stories were originally told to his children, before being published in ''Davar LaYeladim,'' a children magazine in Hebrew, in 1978. Abas also worked as an editor at the Agur publishing house, where he began in 1986 as editor of its children's books department.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=שלמה אבס |url=https://benyehuda.org/lexicon/01328.php |website=Lexicon of New Hebrew Literature |language=he}}</ref>

=== Works and themes ===
Abas has published collections of [[folk tales]], [[fable]]s, [[legend]]s, [[riddle]]s and [[joke]]s, alongside original children's stories.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=עברי- דראל |first=יעל |date=18 November 2008 |title=הכל ירוק גם בספרות הילדים |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3586982,00.html |work=Ynet |language=he}}</ref> His first books,''There Is a Monster in the Lake'' (1980), ''Naama and the Pacifier'' (1981), ''Tusa-Tusa-Matatosa'' (1983), and ''The White Bird'' (1984), were published by [[Sifriat Poalim]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
[[File:שלמה אבס בספרייה עירונית נשר.jpg|alt=Abas meeting with children from Nesher at the municipal library, early 2000s|thumb|300x300px|Abas meeting with children from Nesher at the municipal library, early 2000s]]
In ''Saving the Starfish'' (2008) ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: להציל את כוכב הים), Abas adapted seven short stories from different cultures, including African, Indian and Jewish tales. The book explores [[environmental sustainability]] and the relationship between people and nature, emphasising the shared responsibility of children and adults to protect the environment.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Gont |first=Dor'am |date=24 August 2008 |title=אם אין צפרדעים, יבואו יתושים |url=https://fliphtml5.com/rpdsv/uzej/002-HARETZ-2008-08-24-0001/54/ |work=Haaretz |page=3 |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=להציל את כוכב הים |url=https://www.steimatzky.co.il/011411334 |access-date=2026-08-20 |website=www.steimatzky.co.il |language=he}}</ref>

One of Abas's works to appear in English was ''The Sages of Chelm and the Moon'', published by Green Bean Books in 2019 and illustrated by Omer Hoffmann. The book is a retelling of a traditional Chelm folktale about the inhabitants of the legendary town attempting to solve the problem of the disappearing moon.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=The Sages of Chelm and the Moon |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/the-sages-of-chelm-and-the-moon |access-date=20 August 2026 |website=Jewish Book Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=February–March 2020 |title=AJL News and Reviews |url=https://jewishlibraries.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ajlnewsreviews_febmarch2020.pdf |journal=Association of Jewish Libraries NEWS and REVIEWS |publisher=Association of Jewish Libraries |volume=5 |issue=3 |page=54 |access-date=2026-08-20}}</ref> The original Hebrew version of the book ''(סיפורם הבלתי נשכח של חכמי חלם)'' published in 2016 by Agur Publishing and Modan Publishing, is considered one of the foundational works of children's storytelling in Israel.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=יוסף |first=עידן |date=2021-06-04 |title=פרס מפעל חיים יוענק לסופר שלמה אבס |url=https://www.news1.co.il/Archive/001-D-441404-00.html |access-date=2026-08-20 |website=www.news1.co.il |language=he}}</ref>

Abas also adapted a traditional [[Yiddish]] tale in ''Tailor, Coat and Story'', using the story of a worn coat passed from person to person to introduce children to the idea of reuse and [[recycling]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Blair |first=Osnat |date=3 December 2008 |title=קוראים בירוק: ספרים השומרים על הסביבה |url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART1/819/989.html |work=Makorrishon |language=he}}</ref>

Abas has worked to establish fairy tales and folk tales as a central part of Israeli children's literature and has long researched traditional stories and legends. He frequently collects stories from elderly people throughout Israel, who tell him tales they heard during their childhood. He also collects stories at international conferences attended by anthropologists and other enthusiasts of folk tales.<ref name=":5" />

In 2015, ''[[Israel Hayom]]'' described Abas as one of the leading children's writers in Israel. In an interview with the newspaper, Abas discussed his preference for traditional fairy tales and his view that children should encounter difficult themes rather than only simplified or protective versions of stories.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |last=Marmelstein |first=Tal |date=18 May 2015 |title=מעשה באב ובנו |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/culture/books/article/13577616 |work=Israel Hayom |language=he}}</ref>

He has published 170 books,<ref name=":0" /> of which 32 are original children's books and 138 are collections of [[fairy tale]]s, [[folk tales]], [[fable]]s, [[riddle]]s, and [[joke]]s that he collected, edited, and adapted.<ref name=":5" />

=== Collaboration with Ami Rubinger ===
Abas collaborated extensively with Israeli illustrator [[Ami Rubinger]]. Their books ''The Sages of Chelm and the Moon, The Big Book of Fairy Tales,'' and several books in the ''Badihon'' series.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Big Animal Joke Book |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990036201950205171/NLI |access-date=20 August 2026 |website=National Library of Israel}}</ref>

== Recognition and reception ==
In 2021, Abas received a lifetime-achievement award from the Israel Center for Education Innovation for his contribution to Hebrew children's literature. Dan Futerman, director-general of the Israel Center for Innovation in Education, called Abas an excellent writer who had made a lasting mark on children's and young adult literature in Israel over decades of work. According to Futerman, "Abas combines original writing and creativity in an exceptional way with a remarkable ability to retell stories, legends and jokes in his unique and entertaining style. There is hardly a child in Israel who has not read one of Shlomo Abas's excellent works. In our classroom libraries, which contain hundreds of books in each class, many books written by him can be found, and they are among the most popular and widely read books."<ref name=":5" />

The [[Jewish Book Council]] described Abas's Hebrew short-story collections as popular with elementary-school readers.<ref name=":4" />

Literary criticism of his work examined his treatment of traditional tales and the ways in which he modifies their traditional motifs.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2009 |title=חייטים עניים, מעילים וגלגולים |url=https://benyehuda.org/lexicon/99995-files/99995062/99995062-130.pdf |journal=ספרות ילדים ונוער |language=he}}</ref> His work has also been discussed in the Hebrew children's-literature journal ''ספרות ילדים ונוער'', including reviews and critical discussions of his adaptations of traditional stories and collections of [[folk tales]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=1990 |title=מסע הקסם אל ממלכת הגמדים והענקים |url=https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/99995-files/99995062/99995062-065/99995062-065.pdf |journal=ספרות ילדים ונוער}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Abas was born in [[Nesher]], near [[Haifa]], into a working-class family. He has four children, three sons and a daughter including children's author Michael Abas and pianist [[Elisha Abas]].<ref name=":6" /> Abas is a grandfather of eight<ref name=":2" /> and lives in [[Timrat]] in northern Israel.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.abas.co.il Shlomo Abas and Michael Abas' official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abas, Shlomo}}
[[Category:Israeli children's writers]]
[[Category:Hebrew-language writers]]
[[Category:Israeli folklorists]]
[[Category:Israeli male writers]]
[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni]]
[[Category:People from Nesher]]
[[Category:20th-century Israeli writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Israeli writers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Matan Zangauker (hostage)

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:18:44 GMT

Created page with "{{Short description|Israeli former hostage (born 1999)}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{infobox person | image = Operation Shavim Legvulam, October 2025. (LII) (cropped) (cropped).jpg | caption = Zangauker in October 2025 | birth_date = December 18, 1999 | birth_place = Ofakim, Israel | known_for = Being held hostage in the Gaza Strip from 2023 to 2025 }} '''Matan Zangauker''' (Hebrew: מתן צנגאוקר; born..."

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{{Short description|Israeli former hostage (born 1999)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{infobox person
| image = Operation Shavim Legvulam, October 2025. (LII) (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Zangauker in October 2025
| birth_date = December 18, 1999
| birth_place = [[Ofakim]], Israel
| known_for = Being held hostage in the [[Gaza Strip]] from 2023 to 2025
}}

'''Matan Zangauker''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: מתן צנגאוקר; born December 18, 1999) is an [[Israelis|Israeli]] civilian who was abducted from [[Nir Oz]] during the [[7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel]] in 2023. He was held hostage in the [[Gaza Strip]] for 738 days and was released on 13 October 2025 as part of an Israel–[[Hamas]] ceasefire agreement.<ref name="BBCRelease">{{cite news |date=13 October 2025 |title='You're my life, my hero': Hostages reunite with families after two years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyv8p8m4qg6o |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="ReleaseToI">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Freed hostage Matan Zangauker discharged from hospital, days after release from captivity |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/freed-hostage-matan-zangauker-discharged-from-hospital-days-after-release-from-captivity/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Matan Zangauker was born on 18 December 1999. Zangauker met his partner, [[Ilana Gritzewsky]], while working at a [[medical cannabis]] farm.<ref name="EarlyLife1">{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Freed hostage Matan Zangauker recounts captivity, says mother 'saved' him |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/i-thought-i-would-die-here-freed-hostage-matan-zangkauer-recounts-beatings-mind-games/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=20 living hostages were just released by Hamas under the ceasefire deal. Here's who they are |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hostages-released-by-hamas-who-they-are/ |work=[[CBS News]] |date=13 October 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref> Zangauker and Gritzewsky lived together for about a year and a half in the kibbutz of Nir Oz, until they were abducted from there on the morning of October 7.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=רטר |first=לינוי |date=2025-12-29 |title=תמונת ניצחון: שורדי השבי מתן צנגאוקר ואילנה גריצווסקי התארסו |url=https://reganews.co.il/israel/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9F-%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8-%D7%95%D7%90/ |access-date=2026-09-23 |website=רגע NEWS |language=he-IL}}</ref>

== Abduction ==
On 7 October 2023, during the [[Nir Oz attack]], Zangauker and Gritzewsky were at their home in Nir Oz when the kibbutz was attacked. They escaped from the safe room through a window and ran in different directions before being captured separately and taken to the Gaza Strip.<ref name="BBCRelease" /><ref name="EarlyLife1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Families fear for hostages after Israel's strike on Hamas in Doha |url=https://apnews.com/article/9875e2b5b8679b16106a9106bd37003c |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=10 September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

Gritzewsky was released on 30 November 2023 after 55 days in captivity, while Zangauker remained in Gaza.<ref name="EarlyLife1" /><ref name=":2" /> After her release, Gritzewsky joined Zangauker's mother [[Einav Zangauker]] in the public campaign for his release.<ref name=":1" />

== Captivity ==
Zangauker was held in captivity for over two years.<ref name="ReleaseToI" />

In December 2024, Hamas released a video purportedly showing Zangauker in captivity. In the video, he appealed to Israeli leaders to secure a deal for the release of the hostages. ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that the [[Hostages and Missing Families Forum|Hostage Families Forum]] regarded the video as proof that he was still alive.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas releases video claiming to show living hostage |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-releases-hostage-video-claiming-show-living-hostage-2024-12-07/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=7 December 2024 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref> ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]'' also reported on the video and identified Zangauker as one of the hostages abducted from Nir Oz with Gritzewsky.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas releases video of hostage |url=https://www-cdn.abcnews.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-lebanon-live-updates-idf-confirms-lebanon?entryId=116566425&id=116364007 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=7 December 2024 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

=== Conditions and treatment ===

In May 2025, reports based on information received by Zangauker's family described a deterioration in his physical condition. He was reported to have lost substantial weight, suffered from degenerative muscle disease, and experienced prolonged intestinal blockages and severe abdominal pain. According to his family, Zangauker was starved, was given stale bread and rice, and drank contaminated or salty water several times. They also said that he was physically and psychologically abused while in captivity, that he was beaten and kicked, was subjected to interrogations and psychological pressure, his hands and legs were tied, and he was also held in a cage for some time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kochavi |first=Hagar |date=2025-05-20 |title=Barely standing, mute and starving: New testimonies reveal condition of hostage Matan Zangauker |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjli2zc11xx |access-date=2026-09-23 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=20 May 2025 |title=עובר מחופש ממקום למקום וסובל מכאבי תופת: תנאי השבי של מתן צנגאוקר נחשפים |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il//news/local/article/18006371 |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[Israel Hayom]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-09-23 |title=Tortured, starving, alone: Matan Zangauker's dire condition in Hamas captivity |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/408685 |access-date=2026-09-23 |website=Israel National News |language=en}}</ref>

Zangauker was reportedly moved between tunnels, mosques and makeshift shelters, sometimes while he was hidden in a crowd of Gazans. One time, he and fellow hostage [[Edan Alexander]] were moved through a crowded market while blindfolded, with their captors disguised as women. Zangauker's family said that he survived several tunnel collapses caused by bombardments and that he had spent time in an underground location where other hostages were reportedly killed.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 2025 |title="מתקשה לעמוד, מסרב לאכול ולדבר": עדויות חדשות מעינויי השבי של מתן צנגאוקר |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/s1p75zc11xx |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[Ynet]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

In May 2025, Zangauker's mother [[Einav Zangauker|Einav]] said that Israeli soldiers had found a handwritten note bearing her son's name in a Gaza tunnel. According to reports, the note contained Matan's name in Hebrew, English and Arabic, described his condition as “good” and his occupation as “farmer.” Einav also said that she recognized Matan's handwriting.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 2025 |title=Mother of hostage Matan Zangauker says soldiers found note from son in Gaza tunnel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/mother-of-hostage-matan-zangauker-says-soldiers-found-note-from-son-in-gaza-tunnel/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 2025 |title=הפתק בכתב ידו של מתן צנגאוקר, שאותר במנהרה שבה נהרגו חטופים: "ניצל בנס" |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/rkanwxkzge |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[Ynet]]}}</ref> In June, Einav said that Matan survived further bombardments while being held underground and had nearly suffocated from toxic gases after one of the tunnels collapsed.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 2025 |title=עינב צנגאוקר חשפה: "מתן כמעט נחנק למוות מגזים רעילים במנהרה שקרסה" |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjdyfyomxg |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[Ynet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=June 2025 |title=בעקבות החשיפה של עינב צנגאוקר: מה שידוע על ניוון השרירים של החטוף מתן שעלול להיות בסכנת חיים |url=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/military/article-1190787 |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[Maariv]]}}</ref>

=== Accounts after his release ===

In a November 2025 television interview, Zangauker gave a detailed account of his captivity. He said he had been moved between tunnels, houses, schools, hospitals, mosques and tent compounds, sometimes with other hostages and sometimes alone. He described being beaten and kicked while being moved through tunnels and said that his captors subjected him to interrogations and psychological pressure. At one point, he said, he was kept in a small cage with another hostage, with two mattresses and a single small blanket; guards would shout at or hit them when they stood up.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title="נשארתי לבד. הבנתי שלא אצא מפה, אני הולך למות פה": העדות הבלתי נתפסת של מתן צנגאוקר |url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-israel/2025_q4/Article-50df563078e6a91027.htm |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[Hevrat HaHadashot|N12]]}}</ref>

Zangauker said that after being taken to the southern Gaza Strip, he was sometimes kept among displaced Palestinians while his captors attempted to conceal his identity. He recalled walking through streets and markets and spending about a week in a mosque before being moved to another tunnel in Rafah. He described the conditions there as cramped and poorly ventilated and said that, when the water supply diminished, the hostages drank dirty water.<ref name=":4" />

He also described violence by his captors. Zangauker recalled one guard beating another hostage with a whip made from electrical cables. After he intervened, he said, the guard beat him as well. He said that his captors also repeatedly filmed him, sometimes for entire days, making him repeat statements and instructing him on what to say.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Interview2">{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title='I thought I would die here': Freed hostage Matan Zangauker recounts beatings, mind games |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/i-thought-i-would-die-here-freed-hostage-matan-zangkauer-recounts-beatings-mind-games/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]|last=Spiro|first=Amy}}</ref>

Zangauker said that during his captivity he eventually learned about his mother's campaign for the release of the hostages. He saw footage of her speaking publicly and realized from television coverage that Gritzewsky had been released. He said that his mother's efforts gave him encouragement while he was being held in Gaza.<ref name="Interview2" />

Zangauker said after his release that he had initially learned that Gritzewsky had also been abducted, but only discovered that she had been released when he was allowed to watch television on 30 November 2023.<ref name="Interview2" />

== Efforts to release ==
Following Zangauker's abduction, his mother [[Einav Zangauker|Einav]] became a prominent advocate for his release. The international press reported extensively on her campaign. In July 2024, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described her participation in protests calling for a hostage-release agreement and reported that she had become a prominent critic of the Israeli government's handling of the hostage crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Shira |title=This Israeli hostage mother supported Netanyahu. Now she wants him gone |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/02/israel-hostages-protests-gaza-hamas-netanyahu/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2 July 2024 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>[[File:Einav Zangauker.jpg|thumb|Einav Zangauker, Matan's mother, campaigning for the release of hostages|left]]In May 2024, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Einav Zangauker was among relatives of hostages demonstrating in Tel Aviv and calling on the government to accept a proposed hostage-release agreement. The report identified Zangauker as her son and one of the hostages still held in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands rally across Israel calling for Netanyahu to accept ceasefire deal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/07/israel-protests-benjamin-netanyahu-ceasefire-proposal-hamas-rafah-attack-gaza |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

In December 2024, she addressed a Knesset committee and demanded that the government take action to secure Zangauker's return. The same month, Hamas published a video showing Zangauker in captivity, in which he referred to his mother's efforts to secure the release of the hostages.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 December 2024 |title=Hostage's mother to minister: 'I will take law into my hands' if son doesn't return alive |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hostages-mother-to-minister-i-will-take-law-into-my-hands-if-son-doesnt-return/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

In February 2025, the families of Zangauker and fellow hostage [[Nimrod Cohen]] petitioned the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] to require the government to publish the full text of the ceasefire and hostage-release agreement and implement all of its phases. The families said they were concerned that the second phase of the agreement, which was expected to include the release of Zangauker and Cohen, could be delayed or not implemented.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Families of captives Matan Zangauker, Nimrod Cohen sue for full text of hostage deal |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/families-of-captives-matan-zangauker-nimrod-cohen-sue-for-full-text-of-hostage-deal/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> In the same period, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Zangauker's mother was campaigning for her son's release and that his return was expected to depend on the second phase of the ceasefire agreement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel hostage families urge Trump to follow up on Gaza ceasefire deal |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/01/20/israel-hostages-gaza-hamas/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=20 January 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

In February 2025, Einav and Gritzewsky traveled to Washington, D.C., where they participated in a rally outside the [[White House]] calling on U.S. President Donald Trump to support implementation of the hostage-release agreement. Gritzewsky, who had been released from captivity in November 2023, said she knew what Zangauker was experiencing in captivity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Outside White House, hostage's relatives urge Trump to ensure Netanyahu sees deal through |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-february-4-2025/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
[[File:The Meditech building in Holon, April 2024 08.jpg|alt=Hostage poster of Zangauker in Holon, April 2024|thumb|300x300px|Hostage poster of Zangauker in Holon, April 2024]]
In May 2025, Einav said that information provided by released hostage [[Edan Alexander]] indicated that Zangauker was still alive. She continued to call for a ceasefire and hostage-release agreement, saying that she feared continued military pressure could endanger his life.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2025 |title=Matan Zangauker's mother says Edan Alexander provided sign of life from son |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/matan-zangaukers-mother-says-edan-alexander-provided-sign-of-life-from-son/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

In August 2025, Zangauker's family released previously unseen footage of him from his captivity. The footage was reportedly recorded during the early months of the war and showed Zangauker calling on his family and friends to make their voices heard. ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that the release came as hundreds of thousands of Israelis demonstrated in support of a hostage-release agreement and an end to the war.<ref name="AugustVideo">{{cite news |date=17 August 2025 |title='Go out and make noise': Family releases video of hostage Matan Zangauker in Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/go-out-and-make-noise-family-releases-video-of-hostage-matan-zangauker-in-gaza/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds of thousands of protesters gather in Tel Aviv to demand end to Gaza war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/17/tens-of-thousands-of-protesters-gather-in-tel-aviv-to-demand-end-to-gaza-war |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 August 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
After not being included in the first two hostage-release deals, Zangauker was released on 13 October 2025 along with the other 19 living Israeli hostages who remained in the Gaza Strip. He had been held for 738 days.<ref name="BBCRelease" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Who are the final 20 living hostages to have been freed from Gaza? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/11/hostages-gaza-israel-profiles |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 October 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
[[File:Operation Shavim Legvulam, October 2025. (LXXXIV).jpg|alt=Matan meeting his mother, Einav, for the first time upon being released from captivity, October 2025|thumb|Zangauker meeting his mother, Einav, for the first time upon his release from captivity, October 2025|left|350x350px]]Zangauker described the moments before his release as marked by complete disbelief. Because he was disappointed on several occasions, for example, in January 2025, he lost hope and believed he would die in Gaza. At first, he thought that the announcement of his release is a lie and yet another psychological tactic used by [[Hamas]].<ref name="Interview2" />

Following his release, Zangauker was reunited with his mother Einav and other members of his family at a military facility near the Gaza border before being taken to a medical centre in [[Tel Aviv]] for treatment. In a statement, his family said that after two years in captivity they were beginning a new chapter focused on healing and rehabilitation.<ref name="BBCRelease" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Released Israeli hostages reunite with families – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2025/oct/13/released-israeli-hostages-reunite-with-families-in-pictures |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 October 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref> ''[[CNN]]'' also broadcast footage of the reunion, reporting that Zangauker was embraced by his mother after more than two years apart.<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN coverage of the release of Israeli hostages |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/sitroom/date/2025-10-13/segment/01 |work=[[CNN]] |date=13 October 2025 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

== Post-release activities ==
In November 2025, Zangauker gave his first extended interview after his release. He described his experiences in captivity and said that learning about his mother's campaign for the release of the hostages had given him encouragement while he was being held in Gaza.<ref name=":4" />

Zangauker and Gritzewsky became engaged in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 December 2025 |title=Former hostages Matan Zangauker and Ilana Gritzewsky become engaged |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/former-hostages-matan-zangauker-and-ilana-gritzewsky-become-engaged/ |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=מתן צנגאוקר ואילנה גריצווסקי התארסו - |url=https://13tv.co.il/allshows/4216982/ |access-date=2026-09-23 |website=13tv.co.il |language=he}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

In February 2026, Zangauker, Gritzewsky and fellow released hostages [[Segev Kalfon]] appeared at the CTeen International Summit in [[New York City]]. They led about 4,500 Jewish teenagers in reciting the [[Shema]] prayer in [[Times Square]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2026 |title=Freed Israeli hostages recite Shema prayer on New York City stage in front of thousands |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-887696 |access-date=23 September 2026 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Gaza war hostages]]
* [[Nir Oz]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|IMpeLJHYyNo|channel=Kan 11|title=Life sign from Matan Zangauker shortly before the expansion of fighting in Gaza}}
* {{YouTube|QewIUhTa2W8|channel=Kan 11|title="Fears Matan will take his own life": Interview with Einav Zangauker}}
* {{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Shira |date=2 July 2024 |title=This Israeli hostage mother supported Netanyahu. Now she wants him gone. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/02/israel-hostages-protests-gaza-hamas-netanyahu/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}
* {{cite web |last1=Artzi Sror |first1=Chen |date=8 December 2024 |title=Not a businesswoman, not a politician, not a nice person: The power of a hostage's mother |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/by0xyxm4ke |access-date=11 December 2024 |publisher=[[Ynet]]}}

{{Gaza war}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zangauker, Matan}}
[[Category:Hostages and abductees in the October 7 attacks]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Israeli people taken hostage]]
[[Category:2020s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Mass kidnappings in the 2020s]]
[[Category:October 2023 in Israel]]
[[Category:People from Ofakim]]
[[Category:Formerly missing Israeli people]]
[[Category:21st-century Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Survivors of terrorist attacks]]

International Committee for Coal Petrology

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:18:05 GMT

Created page with "'''The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology''' (ICCP) is an organization that deals with coal petrology and organic petrology. It was founded in 1951. The 200 scientists working for the ICCP seek to develop standardized nomenclature and classification systems that help identify organic constituents in coal and sedimentary organic matter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} ICCP |url=https://www.iccop.org/about/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www..."

New page

'''The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology''' (ICCP) is an organization that deals with coal [[petrology]] and organic petrology. It was founded in 1951. The 200 scientists working for the ICCP seek to develop standardized nomenclature and classification systems that help identify organic constituents in coal and sedimentary [[organic matter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} ICCP |url=https://www.iccop.org/about/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.iccop.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gonçalves |first=P. A. |last2=Kus |first2=J. |last3=Hackley |first3=P. C. |last4=Borrego |first4=A. G. |last5=Hámor-Vidó |first5=M. |last6=Kalkreuth |first6=W. |last7=Mendonça Filho |first7=J. G. |last8=Petersen |first8=H. I. |last9=Pickel |first9=W. |last10=Reinhardt |first10=M. J. |last11=Suárez-Ruiz |first11=I. |date=2024-11-11 |title=The petrology of dispersed organic matter in sedimentary rocks: Review and update |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516224001617 |journal=International Journal of Coal Geology |volume=294 |article-number=104604 |doi=10.1016/j.coal.2024.104604 |issn=0166-5162|hdl=10261/380402 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Such systems, one of which is the 'System 1994' are used in coal petrography and organic petrology research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pickel |first=W. |last2=Kus |first2=J. |last3=Flores |first3=D. |last4=Kalaitzidis |first4=S. |last5=Christanis |first5=K. |last6=Cardott |first6=B. J. |last7=Misz-Kennan |first7=M. |last8=Rodrigues |first8=S. |last9=Hentschel |first9=A. |last10=Hamor-Vido |first10=M. |last11=Crosdale |first11=P. |last12=Wagner |first12=N. |date=2017-01-02 |title=Classification of liptinite – ICCP System 1994 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516216306772 |journal=International Journal of Coal Geology |volume=169 |pages=40–61 |doi=10.1016/j.coal.2016.11.004 |issn=0166-5162|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The ICCP is an affiliate organization of the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]] (IUGS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=IUGS {{!}} Affiliated Organizations |url=https://www.iugs.org/organization/affiliated-organizations |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=IUGS |language=en}}</ref>

Annual meetings and other activities of the ICCP are hosted by various research institutions in Europe. In 2015, the annual meeting was hosted by GFZ [[German Research Centre for Geosciences]] in Potsdam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-07 |title=Annual Meeting of the International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology |url=https://www.gfz.de/en/press/news/details/annual-meeting-of-the-international-committee-for-coal-and-organic-petrology |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.gfz.de |language=en}}</ref> Further meetings took place in Bucharest, Romania (2017), The Hague, Netherlands (2019), Prague, Czech Republic (2021), Patras, Greece (2023), and Oviedo, Spain (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Working Groups – International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology |url=https://www.iccop.org/workinggroup/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.iccop.org |language=en-US}}</ref>. The 2026 meeting is planned to take place in Porto/Lisbon, Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=77th ICCP Meeting in Porto |url=https://www.iccop.org/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=ICCP}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:International scientific organizations]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Standards organizations]]
[[Category:International Union of Geological Sciences]]
[[Category:Geology organizations]]

{{Petrology-stub}} {{Geology-org-stub}} {{Int-org-stub}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 1951]]

Hungry Club Forum

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:17:30 GMT

Created page with "'''Hungry Club Forum''' was an interracial civic forum in Atlanta, Georgia, held at the Butler Street YMCA. Founded in 1945, it brought Black and white Atlantans together for regular luncheons with guest speakers and discussions of political and civic issues.<ref name="AHC">{{cite web |last1=Montgomery |first1=Malcolm |last2=Harte |first2=Tiffany |title=Food for Thought, Fuel for Change: DeWitt Martin and the Legacy of the Hungry Club Forum |url=https://www.atlantahi..."

New page

'''Hungry Club Forum''' was an interracial civic forum in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], held at the Butler Street YMCA. Founded in 1945, it brought Black and white Atlantans together for regular luncheons with guest speakers and discussions of political and civic issues.<ref name="AHC">{{cite web
|last1=Montgomery
|first1=Malcolm
|last2=Harte
|first2=Tiffany
|title=Food for Thought, Fuel for Change: DeWitt Martin and the Legacy of the Hungry Club Forum
|url=https://www.atlantahistorycenter.com/blog/food-for-thought-fuel-for-change-dewitt-martin-and-the-legacy-of-the-hungry-club-forum/
|publisher=Atlanta History Center
|date=October 5, 2025
|access-date=September 4, 2026
}}</ref><ref name="AHA">{{cite web
|last=Myrick-Harris
|first=Clarissa
|title=Atlanta in the Civil Rights Movement, 1940–1970
|url=https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/atlanta-in-the-civil-rights-movement-1940-1970/
|publisher=American Historical Association
|date=December 1, 2006
|access-date=September 4, 2026
}}</ref>

==History==

===Establishment===

According to the [[Atlanta History Center]], the Hungry Club Forum was founded in 1945. Sociologist [[Ira De Augustine Reid]], who chaired the sociology department at [[Atlanta University]], suggested the creation of a forum where Black and white Atlantans could communicate. Members of [[Omega Psi Phi]], university staff, and business leaders from [[Auburn Avenue]] developed the idea and established the forum at the Butler Street YMCA.<ref name="AHC"/>

Meetings were held weekly and usually included a luncheon, a guest speaker, and Q & A. Early speakers included educators, and discussions often dealt with race and other issues affecting Atlanta.<ref name="AHC"/><ref name="AAIHS">{{cite web
|title=Atlanta's Black Libraries and the Push for Black Voters
|url=https://www.aaihs.org/atlantas-black-libraries-and-the-push-for-black-voters/
|publisher=African American Intellectual History Society
|access-date=September 4, 2026
}}</ref> The forum was interracial, but white participation was initially limited by the social restrictions of segregated Atlanta. By the 1950s, white politicians were increasingly attending the meetings as Black political participation became more important in Atlanta elections.<ref name="AHC" /><ref name="AAIHS" />

===Political role===

The Hungry Club became a regular meeting place for political discussion. [[The American Historical Association]] includes it among the Atlanta institutions that provided forums for political activity and discussion during the city's [[civil rights movement]].<ref name="AHA"/>

In September 1955, Mayor [[William B. Hartsfield]] spoke at the forum and began a practice of Atlanta mayors opening its annual season. Hartsfield also delivered his annual state-of-the-city address there. The forum gave Black Atlantans an opportunity to hear the mayor speak and present him with questions at a time when segregation restricted their access to various official civic events.<ref name="AHC"/>

During the 1960s, mayors [[Ivan Allen Jr.]] and [[Sam Massell]] continued the practice of appearing at the opening of the forum's annual season. The Hungry Club also attracted politicians seeking to reach Atlanta's Black voters.<ref name="AHC"/><ref name="Scott">{{cite web
|title=The Cautious Crusader: How The Atlanta Daily World Covered The Struggle For African American Rights From 1945 To 1985
|url=https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8698a0d7-449f-4e6a-9284-448a4aefae13/content
|publisher=University of Maryland
|access-date=September 4, 2026
}}</ref> In January 1966, former Georgia governor [[Herman Talmadge]] spoke at the forum and joined the luncheon.<ref name="AHC" />

Historian David Scott described the forum as part of Atlanta's [[African Americans|African American]] power structure. His study of the [[Atlanta Daily World]] notes that the newspaper regularly reported on the forum and its meetings.<ref name="Scott"/>

===Civil rights movement===

In 1963, [[Ralph Abernathy]] used the forum to announce plans for the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]].<ref name="AHC" /> [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr]] also spoke at the forum several times. On May 10, 1967, he discussed racism, poverty, and war, which he called the "three evils" facing American society, and criticised the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="King">{{cite magazine
|last=King
|first=Martin Luther Jr.
|title=America's Chief Moral Dilemma
|magazine=The Atlantic
|date=February 2018
|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/02/martin-luther-king-hungry-club-forum/552533/
|access-date=September 4, 2026
}}</ref><ref name="Dantzler">{{cite journal
|last1=Dantzler
|first1=Prentiss
|last2=Yang-Clayton
|first2=Kathleen
|title=Deconstructing the racial structure of public service through critical participatory practices
|journal=Journal of Public Affairs Education
|year=2023
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1080/15236803.2022.2097038
|access-date=September 4, 2026
}}</ref> Other speakers associated with the [[civil rights movement]] included [[Benjamin E. Mays]], [[Langston Hughes]], [[Jackie Robinson]]<ref name="AHC" />

===Later years===

During the 1970s, the Hungry Club continued to meet at the Butler Street YMCA. A November 1974 issue of ''[[Creative Loafing]]'' listed the Butler Street Hungry Club Forum among the forums scheduled in Atlanta.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 23, 1974 |title=Creative Loafing |url=https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/digital/api/collection/CLATL/id/5338/download |access-date=September 4, 2026 |magazine=Creative Loafing |publisher=Georgia State University Library}}</ref> The forum broadened its discussions to include issues such as race, gender, education, and labor. In October 1970, [[Jimmy Carter]] appeared at the forum during his campaign for [[governor of Georgia]]. In 1973, [[Maynard Jackson]], a longtime participant in the forum was elected Atlanta's first Black mayor.<ref name="AHC" /> In 1975, DeWitt N. Martin Jr. became president of the Butler Street YMCA, a position he held until 2000. He later worked to preserve records documenting the history of the YMCA and the Hungry Club Forum.<ref name="AHC" />

The forum continued to meet during the 1980s and 1990s, discussing politics, race, urban development, industry, and public health.<ref name="AHC" />

By 2012, the Butler Street YMCA was experiencing financial difficulties, and the Hungry Club Forum had not met for several months. The YMCA ceased operations in December of that year, bringing the forum to an end.<ref name="AJC">{{cite news |date=2012 |title=Butler Street YMCA faces severe financial crisis, possible reorganization |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/butler-street-ymca-faces-severe-financial-crisis-possible-reorganization/9BWHaez4lyCNSW8cNWbN2K/ |access-date=September 4, 2026 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref><ref name="AHC" /> Mayor [[Kasim Reed]] was the last Atlanta mayor to participate in the tradition of opening the forum's annual season.

In 2024, the family of DeWitt N. Martin Jr. donated archival material relating to the forum to the [[Atlanta History Center]].<ref name="AHC" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1945 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:African-American history in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Georgia in the civil rights movement]]

Giovedì Bianco

Notmaya — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 20:16:46 GMT

Created page with "{{Infobox organization | name = Giovedì Bianco | formation = May 2026 | type = Protest initiative | focus = Anti-rearmament, anti-war, boycott of Israel, civil liberties, healthcare and education | location = Italy | website = https://giovedibianco.it/ }} '''Giovedì Bianco''' (English: "White Thursday") is an Italian protest initiative that campaigns against rearmament and Italian involvement in wars and advocates support for..."

New page

{{Infobox organization
| name = Giovedì Bianco
| formation = May 2026
| type = Protest initiative
| focus = Anti-rearmament, anti-war, boycott of Israel, civil liberties, healthcare and education
| location = Italy
| website = https://giovedibianco.it/
}}

'''Giovedì Bianco''' ([[English language|English]]: "White Thursday") is an Italian [[protest]] initiative that campaigns against rearmament and Italian involvement in wars and advocates support for [[Palestine]], a [[Boycotts of Israel|boycott of Israel]], civil liberties, increased spending on healthcare and education, and adherence to the [[Italian Constitution]].<ref name="GB">{{cite web |title=Giovedì Bianco |url=https://giovedibianco.it/ |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Giovedì Bianco}}</ref>

== Background and objectives ==
Giovedì Bianco began in May 2026, with supporters beginning to sign up on 11 May. The initiative describes itself as a ''strumento'' ("tool") rather than a network and brings together individuals and organizations around five stated objectives: ending rearmament and Italian involvement in current wars and not reinstating compulsory military service; ending all relations with [[Israel]]; redirecting resources from rearmament toward healthcare and education; guaranteeing [[freedom of speech]], expression, strikes, demonstrations and the press, including in schools and workplaces; and respecting the Italian Constitution and its fundamental principles. It says that it will dissolve once these objectives have been achieved.<ref name="GB" />

Organizations listed by Giovedì Bianco as participating include the Unione degli Studenti, Link – Coordinamento universitario, Rete della Conoscenza, Almamediterranea, Presidio Palestina Cagliari and Comitato contro la guerra – Treviso. The initiative also lists individual participants, including actor and writer [[Moni Ovadia]], Catholic missionary and peace activist [[Alex Zanotelli]], and jurist and academic [[Ugo Mattei]].<ref name="GB" />

The first actions of the initiative took place on 14 May 2026 in [[Cagliari]], [[Milan]], [[Naples]], [[Turin]], [[Bologna]] and other Italian cities. According to ''Pressenza'', participants included teachers, workers, artists and activists. Activities included discussions about war and the Italian Constitution in schools, a slow-moving street action in Cagliari, workplace slowdowns and public artistic performances.<ref name="Pini-2026">{{cite web |last=Pini |first=Maria Elisabetta |date=31 May 2026 |title=Che cos'è il Giovedì Bianco? |url=https://www.pressenza.com/it/2026/05/che-cose-il-giovedi-bianco/ |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Pressenza}}</ref>

The initiative advocates nonviolent forms of protest. Its website encourages participants to organize individually or collectively through demonstrations, interruptions and slowdowns, while rejecting violence against people.<ref name="GB" />

== Activities ==

=== ''Un Muro di Coscienza'' ===
In 23 July 2026, Giovedì Bianco and the ''Comitato sardo di solidarietà con la Palestina'' (Sardinian Committee of Solidarity with Palestine) held a ''Muro di Coscienza'' ([[English language|''English'']]'':'' "Wall of Conscience") demonstration at [[Cagliari Elmas Airport]]. Between 20 and 30 activists took part, standing in the departure area of a flight to Tel Aviv with Palestinian flags and gave leaflets to passengers, accompanied by pro-Palestinian slogans. According to the organizers, the demonstration meant to draw attention to the Cagliari/Tel Aviv route and call for its suspension.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 July 2026 |title="Un muro di coscienza" per contrastare il silenzio sul genocidio in Palestina: flashmob all'aeroporto di Cagliari-Elmas |url=https://www.pressenza.com/it/2026/07/un-muro-di-coscienza-per-contrastare-il-silenzio-sul-genocidio-in-palestina-%EF%AC%82ashmob-allaeroporto-di-cagliari-elmas/ |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Pressenza |language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chirico |first=Daniele |date=2026-07-23 |title=Volo in arrivo da Israele a Cagliari, la protesta degli attivisti per la Palestina all'aeroporto di Elmas (Video) |url=https://www.youtg.net/news-f/in-sardegna/71359-volo-in-arrivo-da-israele-a-cagliari-la-protesta-degli-attivisti-per-la-palestina-allaeroporto-di-elmas-video |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=YouTG.NET |language=it-IT}}</ref>

On 20 August 2026, Giovedì Bianco organized simultaneous demonstrations at [[Verona Villafranca Airport|Verona Villafranca]], [[Cagliari Elmas Airport|Cagliari Elmas]], [[Milan Linate Airport|Milan Linate]], [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome Fiumicino]] and [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice Marco Polo]] airports. The action, also called ''Un Muro di Coscienza'', involved demonstrators forming a line through which members of the public could pass and stop to receive information or speak with participants. Organizers said that the demonstrations would not obstruct airport traffic.<ref name="ANSA-2026">{{cite news |date=20 August 2026 |title=Presidio ProPal all'aeroporto di Verona contro i voli da Israele |url=https://videoembed.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2026/08/20/presidio-propal-allaeroporto-di-verona-contro-i-voli-da-israele_6f7df23d-3233-47ac-9cb9-d529f5913bb2.html |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=ANSA |language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2026 |title=Protesta pro Pal a Linate, il "muro di coscienza" davanti all'aeroporto |url=https://www.alanews.it/2026/08/20/cronaca/protesta-pro-pal-a-linate-il-muro-di-coscienza-davanti-allaeroporto/ |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Alanews |language=Italian}}</ref> At Milan Linate, participants described the action as part of a broader campaign for disarmament and against the militarization of schools and Italy, while calling for resources allocated to armaments to be redirected toward hospitals and schools.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2026 |title=Linate, presidio per Gaza all'aeroporto: "Muro di Coscienza" per il disarmo |url=https://www.alanews.it/2026/08/20/cronaca/video/linate-presidio-per-gaza-allaeroporto-muro-di-coscienza-per-il-disarmo/ |access-date=21 August 2026 |website=Alanews |language=Italian}}</ref> At Cagliari Elmas Airport, about 30 people took part in the demonstration. The protesters called for an end to direct air connections between [[Israel–Italy relations|Italy and Israel]] and criticized Italy's relations with Israel. According to [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]], the organizers said that their protest was directed at government policy rather than individual passengers.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2026 |title=Flash mob ProPal in aeroporto a Cagliari contro i voli da Israele |url=https://videoembed.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2026/08/20/flash-mob-propal-in-aeroporto-a-cagliari-contro-i-voli-da-israele_4232c665-f978-4b44-87b1-22782071a66d.html |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=ANSA |language=Italian}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The initiative has received coverage from Italian local and regional media. Reports on its early activities focused on its opposition to rearmament and its involvement of teachers, workers, artists and activists in different forms of protest.<ref name="Pini-2026" />

The August airport demonstrations generated criticism in [[Sardinia]]. In [[Cagliari]], the pro-Israel association Chenàbura Sardos Pro Israele criticized the demonstration as discriminatory toward passengers travelling to [[Tel Aviv]]. The criticism was also expressed by Michele Pais, a former president of the [[Regional Council of Sardinia]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2026 |title=Voli da Tel Aviv a Cagliari, sit-in pro-Palestina in aeroporto a Elmas |url=https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/cagliari/cronaca/2026/08/20/news/voli-da-tel-aviv-a-cagliari-sit-in-pro-palestina-in-aeroporto-a-elmas-1.100908353 |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=La Nuova Sardegna |language=Italian}}</ref> At [[Verona Airport]], ''ANSA'' reported that some activists were subjected to insults and offensive gestures, but that there was no reported tension with passengers arriving from Tel Aviv or with authorities.<ref name="ANSA-2026" />

Against the backdrop of the anti-Israel airport campaign, Israeli news website ''Mako'' described Giovedì Bianco ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: "יום חמישי הלבן") as a decentralized activist platform connecting groups, organizations and individuals with a clear anti-Israel view, calling for a total boycott of flights to and from Israel and for prevention [[Israel Defense Forces]] soldiers from visiting Italy as tourists.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2026 |title=לא רוצים ישראלים: מחאות נגד טיסות מהארץ ב-5 נמלי תעופה מרכזיים |trans-title=They don't want Israelis: protests against flights from Israel at 5 major airports |url=https://www.mako.co.il/travel-news/international/Article-16cd70c733e10a1026.htm |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=Mako |language=Hebrew}}</ref> In a 20 August 2026 opinion column in the ''Jewish News Syndicate'', [[Fiamma Nirenstein]] characterized the campaign as an antisemitic [[Boycotts of Israel|boycott of Israel]] and accused Giovedì Bianco of [[antisemitism]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=20 August 2026 |title=Keeping Israelis out: The new antisemitic boycott reaches Italy's airports |url=https://www.jns.org/opinion/column/fiamma-nirenstein/keeping-israelis-out-the-new-antisemitic-boycott-reaches-italys-airports |access-date=21 August 2026 |work=Jewish News Syndicate}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/giovedibianco/ Giovedì Bianco on Instagram]

[[Category:2026 in Italy]]
[[Category:2026 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Boycotts of Israel]]
[[Category:Protests in Italy]]
[[Category:Israel–Italy relations]]

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Administrat0r — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 09:25:14 GMT

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Administrat0r — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 09:21:59 GMT